Public Perception of Decarbonisation in the Fossil Fuel Rich Country: Challenges of Just Energy Transition in Kazakhstan

The paper presents the results of the first Central Asian study to investigate public perceptions of decarbonisation through a nationwide survey across urban areas, including fossil-fuel-dependent towns and industrial and non-industrial cities of Kazakhstan.

The study’s findings reveal that, while awareness of climate change is high, only half of the interviewed urban residents are familiar with national energy transition policies. Environmental and health benefits—notably improved air quality—emerge as the strongest motivations for supporting energy transition and renewables. However, fears of unemployment and economic instability persist as mining town dwellers expect job losses and remain unaware of “green job” opportunities.

Structural barriers—including insufficient government support, skill shortages, and limited infrastructure—undermine public optimism on decarbonisation and economic diversification, especially in single-industry towns. The authors argue that Kazakhstan’s decarbonisation strategy must prioritise inclusive regional policy for achieving a just transition. There is an urgent need for multi-level governance and regionally adapted approaches that link national carbon goals with local economic realities.

Ensuring a just transition in Kazakhstan will depend on empowering regions, expanding skills and green job opportunities, and fostering inclusive participation that makes decarbonisation both socially equitable and locally owned.